Epigenetic approaches. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: vorinostat. A new treatment option for advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Deacetylases (DACs) belong to one of three highly conserved classes of 18+ known enzymes whose functions are to remove acetyl groups from various proteins, including DNA associated histones (HDACs). Histone acetylases are enzymes that acetylate proteins and have been found to be mutated in cancer cells. The balance between acetylation (mediated by HATs) and deacetylation (mediated by HDACs) controls gene transcription and imbalance can lead to malignant transformation. Although HDACs are known for their abilities to acetylation the DNA associated histone proteins, DACs actually predate histones and are highly conserved proteins. DACs acetylate a large number of other proteins, including tumors suppressors (p53, p21). Acetylation and methylation are called epigenetic variations of DNA and are important signaling devices for transcription factors. Manipulating gene transcription by epigenetic mechanisms, including demethylation and acetylation, is a novel approach for the treatment of cancer.